Anatomic and histologic analysis of paca larynx (Cuniculus paca, Linnaeus 1766) / [Análise anatômica e histológica da laringe da paca (Cuniculus paca, Linnaeus 1766)]

Paca (Cuniculus paca) has encouraged research as an experimental model both in the human medicine and veterinary, as well as the economic exploitation of its meat cuts, which favored its zootechnical use. There are no anatomical, microscopic descriptions and measurements of the larynx in this rodent. Eight pacas were dissected from the wild animal's sector of the Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences of the University of the State of São Paulo. The larynx was observed located in the ventral region of the neck, ventral to the esophagus, connecting the pharynx to the trachea, with cylindrical and irregular shape. Laryngeal cartilages (epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid) are interconnected and have different shapes. Thyroid showed greater length and width, compared to the others. Laryngeal cartilages were submitted to histological processing and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. The epiglottic cartilage was stained with toluidine blue. Laryngeal cartilages thyroid, cricoid and the lower portion of the arytenoids are of hyaline origin and, in contrast, the epiglottis and the upper portion of the arytenoids are elastic. This latter cartilage demonstrated taste buds. The results will be able to auxiliate in veterinary care and as well as the conservation programs for this rodent.(AU)

A paca (Cuniculus paca) tem encorajado inúmeras pesquisas, tornando-a modelo experimental tanto em humanos como na veterinária, além da exploração econômica de seus cortes cárneos, que favoreceu diretamente sua importância zootécnica. Não há descrições anatômicas, microscópicas e mensurações da laringe desse roedor. Foram dissecadas oito laringes de pacas, provenientes do setor de Animais Silvestres da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - Universidade Estadual Paulista. Observou-se que a laringe localiza-se na região ventral do pescoço, ventral ao esôfago, conectando a faringe à traqueia, possuindo formato cilíndrico e irregular. As cartilagens laríngeas (epiglote, tireóide, cricóide e aritenóidea) são interligadas e possuem formatos variados. A cartilagem tireóide demonstrou-se maior em comprimento e largura, comparativamente às demais. As cartilagens laríngeas foram submetidas a processamento histológico e coradas em hematoxilina-eosina e tricrômio de Masson. A cartilagem epiglote foi corada em azul de toluidina. As cartilagens laríngeas tireóide, cricóide e a porção inferior das aritenóides são de origem hialina; em contrapartida, a epiglote e a porção superior das aritenóides, de origem elástica. Esta última cartilagem demonstrou corpúsculos gustativos. Os resultados poderão auxiliar tanto nos atendimentos veterinários quanto nos programas de conservação desse roedor.(AU)

Comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros Santa Inês alimentados com resíduo de cervejaria desidratado / Ingestive behavior of Santa Ines lambs fed rations containing dehydrated brewery residue

Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros Santa Inês alimentados com resíduo de cervejaria desidratado (RCD). Foram utilizados 35 cordeiros, machos, não castrados, com peso médio inicial de 16,00±1,69kg e, aproximadamente, 70 dias de idade. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e sete repetições, consistindo os tratamentos em: 0; 20; 40; 60 e 80% de inclusão de RCD na porção concentrada da ração. A inclusão de RCD na ração não influenciou o tempo de alimentação (TAL; h/dia) e a eficiência de alimentação (gFDN/h; P>0,05). O TAL obtido neste estudo apresentou valor médio de 4,90h/dia. Observou-se efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05) com a inclusão do RCD, para as eficiências de alimentação (gMS/h) e ruminação (gMS/h e gFDN/h). Contudo, efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) foi constatado para tempo de ruminação e mastigação total, bem como para o número de mastigações merícicas por dia para os animais alimentados com o subproduto. A inclusão de resíduo de cervejaria desidratado influencia o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros Santa Inês, diminuindo a eficiência de alimentação, quando relacionada ao consumo de matéria seca por hora, e aumentando o tempo de ruminação, podendo ser adicionado em até 20% na porção concentrada da ração.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior of Santa Ines lambs fed dehydrated brewer's residue (DBR). Thirty-five male lambs were used, with an initial mean weight of 16.00±1.69kg and, approximately, 70 days of age. A completely randomized design was used, with five treatments and seven replicates, the treatments being: 0; 20; 40; 60 and 80% of inclusion of DBR in the concentrated portion of the ration. The inclusion of DBR in the ration did not influence feeding time (FT; h/day) and feeding efficiency (gNDF/h; P> 0.05). The FT obtained in this study had an average value of 4.90h/day. There was a decreasing linear effect (P< 0.05) for feed efficiency (gDM/h) and rumination efficiency (gDM/h and gNDF/h). However, linear increasing effect (P< 0.05) was observed for rumination and total chewing time, as well as for the number of chews per day for animals fed with the byproduct. The inclusion of dehydrated brewer's residue in the concentrate can influence the ingestive behavior of Santa Ines lambs, reducing feed efficiency, when related to the dry matter intake per hour, and increasing the total rumination time in Santa Ines lambs, it can be added up to 20% in the concentrated portion of the ration.(AU)

Effect of a multifaceted quality improvement intervention on the prescription of evidence based treatment in patients at high cardiovascular risk in Brazil The BRIDGE Cardiovascular Prevention Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial

RESULTS Of the 1619 included patients,1029 (63.6%) weremale,1327(82.0%) had coronary artery disease (843[52.1%] with prioracutemyo cardial infarction),355(21.9%)had priorischemicstroke ortransientischemicattack,and197 (12.2%) had peripheral vascular disease,andthemean( SD) age was 65.6 (10.5) years. Among randomized clusters, 30 (75%) were cardiology sites, 6 (15%) were primary careunits,and 26 (65%) were teaching institutions.Amonge ligible patients,thosein intervention clusters were more like ly to receive aprescription of evidence-based therapies thant hose in control clusters (73.5%[515of701] vs58.7% [493of840];oddsratio,2.30;95%CI,1.14-4.65). There were no differences between the intervention and control group swithregard storisk factor control(ie,hyperlipidemia,hypertension,ordiabetes).Ratesofeducationforsmokingcessationwere higher among current smokers in the intervention group thanin the control group (51.9%[364of701] vs18.2%[153of840];oddsratio,11.24;95%CI,2.20-57.43).Therateofcardiovascularmortality,acute myocardial infarction,andstrokewas2.6%for patients from intervention cluster sand 3.4%forthose in the control group (hazardratio, 0.76;95%CI,0.43-1.34). (AU)

Mineral requirements of hair sheep in tropical climates.

In this study, we evaluated the requirements of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) for sheep hair growth. Experimental diets contained different levels of metabolizable energy [ME; 0.96, 1.28, 1.72, 2.18 and 2.62 Mcal/kg of dry matter, (DM), corresponding to 4.23, 5.64, 7.58, 9.61 and 11.55 MJ/kg DM]. The lambs' hair (n = 48) at 2 months of age presented an average body weight (BW) of 12.05 ± 1.81 kg. At the beginning of the experiment, eight animals were slaughtered as a reference group to estimate the initial empty body weight and body composition. Net mineral requirements (g/day) ranged from 0.73 to 0.71 g of Ca, 0.51 to 0.49 g of P, 0.026 to 0.026 g of Mg, 0.16 to 0.19 g of Na and 0.15 to 0.13 g of K for animals with a BW ranging from 15 to 30 kg and a daily gain of 100 g. The results of this study indicate that the net macromineral requirements for weight gain in Morada Nova lambs are different from the values commonly recommended by the Agricultural and Food Research Council.

Assessment of the insecticidal potential of Eucalyptus urograndis essential oil against Rhodnius neglectus Lent (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).

The resistance of triatomines to pyrethroids has been reported in several Latin American countries, including Brazil, indicating the need for the development of new approaches for the control of vectors of the Chagas disease. In here, we evaluated the insecticidal potential of the essential oil of Eucalyptus urograndis (Myrtaceae) against unsexed third and fourth instars of Rhodnius neglectus Lent (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in topical application, fumigation, surface contact, and repellency . The insecticidal activity of the essential oil tested was detected by topical application (LD50 = 0.1731 µL/insect and LD99 = 0.2948 µL/insect for 24 h), fumigation (LC50 = 0.021 mL/mL air and LC99 = 0.1525 mL/mL air for 24 h) and surface contact (LC50 = 0.7073 µL/cm(2) and LC99 = 4.59 µL/cm(2) for 24 h). Mortality observed after 48-72-h exposure was very high and did not allow for any adjustment of the mortality curve. In the repellency assay, an effect was observed on 80% of tested nymphs. However, no repellency was observed after 24 h of exposure. Eucalyptus urograndis essential oil has a high insecticidal and repellent potential for R. neglectus nymphs, whether serving as a molecular model for new substances or as an alternative for the control of these insects.

Contaminação salivar da extrusa em novilhos alimentados com diferentes volumosos, com e sem suplementação / Saliva contamination in the extrusa in steers fed with different forages, supplemented or not

Determinaram-se as alterações nos teores de proteína bruta (PB), compostos nitrogenados não protéicos (NNP), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), lignina (LIG), cinzas, cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), magnésio (Mg), potássio (K) e sódio (Na) de alimentos usados para novilhos, provocadas pela contaminação da extrusa pela saliva. Foram utilizados cinco novilhos fistulados no rúmen e esôfago, cinco dietas e cinco períodos experimentais. Os tratamentos foram: capim-elefante picado (CE), capim-elefante obtido em pastejo simulado (CES), capim-braquiária obtido em pastejo simulado (CBS), pré-secado de capim-tifton 85 (PS), feno de capim-braquiária (FB1), feno de capim-tifton 85 (FT), feno de capim-braquiária e concentrado a 0,5 por cento PV (FB2) e feno de capim-braquiária e concentrado 1,0 por cento PV (FB3). A presença de saliva na extrusa não alterou (P>0,05) o teor de proteína bruta dos alimentos. Os teores de NNP foram superestimados (P<0,05) na extrusa em 135,0 por cento. Os níveis de FDN foram subestimados (P<0,05) em 3,4 por cento. Os níveis de FDA e LIG foram superestimados (P<0,05) em amostras de extrusa, em média 11,0 e 44,0 por cento, respectivamente. A contaminação por minerais foi significativa (P<0,05) para cinzas, P e Na, ocorrendo superestimativa em 31,2 por cento, 116,7 por cento e 3250,0 por cento, respectivamente. O Mg foi subestimado (P<0,05) em 15,4 por cento na extrusa.

Alterations on the levels of crude protein (CP), non-protein nitrogen compounds (NNP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin (LIG), ash, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and sodium (Na) of feeds used for steers, caused by the saliva contamination in the extrusa, were evaluated. Five steers, fistulated in the rumen and esophagus were fed five diets, in five experimental periods. The treatments were: chopped elephantgrass (CE), elephantgrass obtained by hand-plucked (CES), Brachiaria decumbens obtained by hand-plucked (CBS), Tifton-85 bermudagrass haylage (PS), Brachiaria decumbens hay (FB1), Brachiaria decumbens hay and concentrate at 0.5 percent LW (FB2), and Brachiaria decumbens hay and concentrate at 1.0 percent LW (FB3). The extrusa CP content was not affected (P>0.05) by saliva contamination. The NNP levels were overestimated (P<0.05) in the extrusa in 135.0 percent. The NDF levels were underestimated (P<0.05) in 3.4 percent. The ADF and LIG contents were overestimated (P<0.05) in extrusa samples, on average 11.0 and 44.0 percent, respectively. The mineral contamination was significant (P<0.05) for ash, P and Na, and the levels were overestimated in 31.2, 116.7 and 3250.0 percent, respectively. The Mg content was underestimated (P<0.05) in 15.4 percent in the extrusa.

Consumo, digestibilidade e produção microbiana em novilhos alimentados com diferentes volumosos, com e sem suplementação / Intake, digestibility and microbial production in steers fed with different forages, supplemented or not

Determinaram-se os consumos e as digestibilidades aparentes totais da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CHO), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), o consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), e estimou-se a produção microbiana (PMic) de dietas para novilhos. Avaliou-se, também, a degradabilidade in situ dos alimentos. Foram utilizados cinco novilhos, fistulados no rúmen, com peso vivo (PV) médio de 185,4kg, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, alimentados com: 1- capim-elefante picado (CE); 2- pré-secado de capim-tifton 85 (PS); 3- feno de capim-braquiária (FB); 4- feno de capim-braquiária e concentrado a 0,5 por cento PV (FB:C1); e 5- feno de capim-braquiária e concentrado a 1 por cento PV (FB:C2). O PS proporcionou maior ingestão de MS (6kg/novilho/dia) e de NDT (4,2kg/novilho/dia) em relação aos demais volumosos utilizados, mostrando ser boa alternativa na nutrição de bovinos. A adição de concentrado ao feno de capim-braquiária aumentou o consumo de MS do volumoso, que passou de 2,7kg/novilho/dia para 3,9kg/novilho/dia, constituindo estratégia para a utilização de volumosos de baixa qualidade. O maior consumo do concentrado C2 (1 por centoPV) resultou em aumento no consumo de MS (0,9kg/novilho/dia) e de NDT (1kg/novilho/dia) na dieta FB:C2, em relação à dieta FB:C1.

The intake and total apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (CHO), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC); the total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake and the microbial protein production (MicP) in diets of steers were determined. The in situ degradability of feeds was also evaluated. Five steers averaging 185.4kg live weight (LW) and fistulated in the rumen and esophagus were randomly, assigned in a completely randomized experimental design. They were fed on: 1- chopped elephantgrass (CE); 2- tifton-85 bermudagrass haylage (PS); 3- brachiaria decumbens hay (FB); 4- brachiaria decumbens hay plus concentrate at 0.5 percent LW (FB:C1); and 5- brachiaria decumbens hay plus concentrate at 1.0 percent LW (FB:C2). Tifton-85 bermudagrass haylage provided higher intake of DM (6.0kg/steer/day) and TDN (4.2kg/steer/day) related to other forages, showing that its use is a good alternative for bovine feeding. The addition of concentrate to the brachiaria decumbens hay increased the forage intake, from 2.7kg/steer/day to 3.9kg/steer/day, constituting a strategy for the poor quality forages use. The highest concentrate C2 intake (1.0 percent LW) increased DM (0.9kg/steer/day) and TDN (1.0kg/steer/day) intake of FB:C2 dietary, relative to FB:C1 dietary.